Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for the liquid portion (plasma) of your blood to clot.

See also: Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

The health care provider uses a needle to take blood from one of your veins. The blood collects into an airtight container. You may be given a bandage to stop any bleeding. If you are taking a medicine called heparin, you will be watched for signs of bleeding.

The laboratory specialist will add chemicals to the blood sample and see how long it takes for the plasma to clot.

Your doctor may tell you to stop taking certain drugs before the test. For example, blood thinners can affect the results of this test.

Do not stop taking any medicine without first talking to your doctor.

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.

Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of a blood clotting disorder.

When you bleed, the body launches a series of activities that help the blood clot. This is called the coagulation cascade. The PT test looks at special proteins (called coagulation factors) that are involved in this event, and measures their ability to help blood clot.

It measures:

• Factor I (fibrinogen)
• Factor II (prothrombin)
• Factor V
• Factor VII
• Factor X

The normal range is 11 to 13.5 seconds. The PT result will be longer in persons who take blood thinners.

Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

When any of the blood clotting factors are lacking or not working properly, the PT is prolonged.

Increased PT may be due to:

• Bile duct obstruction
• Cirrhosis
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Hepatitis
• Liver disease
• Malabsorption
• Vitamin K deficiency
• Coumadin (warfarin) therapy
• Factor VII deficiency
• Factor X deficiency
• Factor II (prothrombin) deficiency
• Factor V deficiency
• Factor I (fibrinogen) deficiency

This test is often done on people who may have bleeding problems. The risks of bleeding and hematoma in these patients are slightly greater than for people without bleeding problems. In general, risks of any blood test may include:

• Excessive bleeding
• Fainting or feeling light-headed
• Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
• Multiple punctures to locate veins

Schafer AI. Approach to the patient with bleeding and thrombosis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 178.