Wikipedia:根據 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書

# Wikipedia:根據

### 出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書

根據仲翻譯緊。歡迎你積極翻譯同修訂。

  WP:REF 去哩度。 you may also be looking for details on the <ref> element or 維基百科詢問處。

維基百科嘅政策
文章嘅標準
中立嘅觀點 有根有據 非原創研究 唔啱維基百科嘅嘢 講未死嘅人
同維基友合作
善意推定 文明嘅編輯方式同禮儀 共識(Consensus) 唔好人身攻擊 處理拗撬
睇·論·改

This page is a style guide, describing how to create citations in articles.

維基百科:非原創 同 維基百科:查証得到嘅政策，目的都係為咗令資料有根有據，避免因為一啲有爭議嘅內容而損害維基百科嘅公信力。任何編輯都有權將提供唔到資料來源嘅文刪除。至於講未死嘅人時引用好嘅資料來源嘅指引，請睇同樣係維基政策嘅Wikipedia:講未死嘅人。

如果你唔知點樣去搵根據，你都要儘量提供你所知嘅嘢，等其他人有辦法幫你搵出根據。

## [編輯] 點解一定要有根有據

- 嘉許有用嘅資料來源，並防止俾人話抄襲。
- 話畀人聽你嘅修改唔係原創研究。
- 確定篇文係可靠嘅，而且可以俾任何讀者或者編輯查証得到。
- 幫其他維基友、用家搵有關個題目更多可靠資料。
- 改善維基百科整體嘅可信度同權威。
- 減少編緝戰/拗撬嘅可能性，或者解決已經發生嘅紛爭。
- 確定講未死嘅人嘅資料來源必須可靠並且符合 Wikipedia:講未死嘅人嘅標準.

註: 維基百科自己嘅文章唔可以做資料來源

## [編輯] 幾時引來源

維基百科：格式指導
格式手册
增補格式手册

傳記
命令行範例
破折號
日期和數字
標題
連結
數學
音標
路標文章
姊妹計劃
題目
商標

特殊頁面指導
消歧義頁 中國相關文章 日本相關文章
其他指導

點樣編輯一頁
版面指南
題注
分類
人物分類
文獻的引用
行話解釋
註腳
更優秀文章寫作指南
列表
命名約定
圖片指南
固有名稱
章節
術語和定義

### [編輯] 你加內容嘅時候

乜會俾人挑戰或者可能會俾人挑戰嘅內容都應該引來源。

當你寫緊關於一件事嘅一種意見嘅時候，引來源就特別重要。 Avoid weasel words such as, "Some people say ..." Instead, make your writing verifiable: find a specific person or group who holds that opinion and give a citation to a reputable publication in which they express that opinion. 記住維基百科既唔係用哩表達你嘅意見或者你嘅原創研究嘅地方。

因為呢度係廣東話維基百科，所以有效性相近嘅幾種唔同語言嘅來源裏面，應該優先使用中文嘅來源。不過，如果需要就應該俾其他語言嘅參考文。如果引外國語言嘅原文，就應該俾埋廣東話譯文。

### [編輯] 你查證內容嘅時候

你可以用可以引證內容嘅來源為你未寫過嘅內容加引來源。加引來源，對維基百科，功德無量。See Wikipedia:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards and Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check for organized efforts to add citations.

### [編輯] 會俾人挑戰或者可能會俾人挑戰嘅內容

停一停，諗一諗。諗下人地會唔會懷疑你寫嘅，或者要你俾資料。維基百科用清析可靠嘅來源支持你講嘅內容會使你加嘅內容更穩定。

### [編輯] 講你邊度囉嘅資料

It is improper to copy a citation from an intermediate source without making clear that you saw only that intermediate source. For example, you might find some information on a web page which says it comes from a certain book. Unless you look at the book yourself to check that the information is there, your reference is really the web page, which is what you must cite. The credibility of your article rests on the credibility of the web page, as well as the book, and your article must make that clear.

### [編輯] When adding material to the biography of a living person

  主文： Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons

Biographies of living persons should be sourced with particular care, for legal and ethical reasons. All negative material about living persons must be sourced to a reliable source. Do not wait for another editor to request a source. If you find unsourced or poorly sourced negative material about a living person — whether in an article or on a talk page — remove it immediately! Do not leave it in the article and ask for a source. Do not move it to the talk page. This applies whether the material is in a biography or any other article.

### [編輯] When you quote someone

You should always add a citation when quoting published material, and the citation should be placed directly after the quotation, which should be enclosed within double quotation marks — "like this" — or single quotation marks if it's a quote-within-a-quote — "and here is such a 'quotation' as an example." For long quotes, you may wish to use Template:Quotation.

捷徑: WP:CITE#HOW

## [編輯] How to cite sources

All citations require a detailed full citation. Many also include a brief inline reference.

Full citations may be formatted by hand or using one of the citation templates. These are placed under a separate references section.

Inline citations may use one of the following three systems.

- Embedded HTML links
- Harvard referencing
- Footnotes (most often using <ref> and <references/> elements)

  - Follow the system used for an article's existing citations. Do not change formats without checking for objections on the talk page. If there is no agreement, prefer the style used by the first major contributor.
  - When sources are mentioned within the body of an article, it is helpful to identify them clearly on the first mention. For example, this would mean including the first name and surname, that is, the full name the person usually uses. Even better is to include some information about the person's relevant background, such as, "John Smith, a history professor at Yale University, writes that ..."
  - It is helpful to briefly mention in the citation what claim it is that is being referenced. This allows later editors to tell whether it's a phrase, sentence or paragraph that's being documented, and also to find undocumented claims sneaking into paragraphs that were otherwise referenced.
  - If you are unclear as to which system or style to use, remember: the most important thing is to provide all the information one would need to identify and find the source. If necessary, put this information in the talk page, or in a comment on the main page, and ask others how to format it correctly for that article.

### [編輯] Embedded HTML links

Template:Details

Web pages referenced in an article can be linked to directly by enclosing the URL in square brackets. For example, a reference to a newspaper article can be embedded like: [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html], which looks like this: [1]

A full citation is also required in the References section.

* {{cite news |last=Plunkett |first=John |url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html |title=Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying |publisher=The Guardian |date=2005-10-27 |accessdate=2005-10-27}}

which appears as:

- "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying".

### [編輯] Harvard referencing

Template:Details

Under the Harvard referencing system, a book is cited in the text in parentheses, after the section, sentence, or paragraph for which the book was used as a source, using the surname of the author and the year of publication only, with the parentheses closing before the period, as in (Author 2005). A full citation is then placed at the end of the text in an alphabetized list of "References". According to The Oxford Style Manual, the Harvard system is the "most commonly used reference method in the physical and social sciences" (Ritter 2002).

Page numbers must be included in a citation that accompanies a specific quotation from, or a paraphrase or reference to, a specific passage of a book or article.

In article, common variations:

- For two authors, use (Smith & Jones 2005); for more authors, use (Smith et al. 2005).
- If the same author has published two books in 2005, and both are being referenced in the text, this is written as (Author 2005a) and (Author 2005b).
- The specific page, section, or division of the cited work can follow the date in this way: (Author 2006:28).
- If the date of publication is unavailable, use "n.d." (meaning, no date)
- Newspaper articles may give the name of the newspaper and the date of publication after the sentence (The Guardian, December 17, 2005).

In References:

For an article: in the case of (Traynor 2005) or (The Guardian, December 17, 2005), this might be:

- Traynor, I. "Judge tells Ankara to decide on fate of leading author", The Guardian, December 17, 2005.

Note: Harvard referencing is not complete without the full citation at the end of the page (article) in the References section, as described below.

### [編輯] Footnotes

Template:Details

A footnote is a note placed at the bottom of a page of a document to comment on a part of the main text, or to provide a reference for it, or both. The connection between the relevant text and its footnote is indicated by a number or symbol which appears both after the relevant text and before the footnote.

1. Place a <ref> ... </ref> where you want a footnote reference number to appear in an article—type the text of the note between the ref tags.
2. Place the <references/> tag in a "Notes" or "References" section near the end of the article—the list of notes will be generated here.

Example:

> `According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big,<ref>Miller, E: "The Sun", page 23. Academic Press, 2005</ref>
> however the moon is not so big.<ref>Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46(78):46</ref>
> == Notes ==
> <references/>`

Result:

According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big,[1] however the moon is not so big.[2]

#### [編輯] Footnotes come after punctuation

Some words, phrases or facts must be referenced mid-sentence; footnotes at the end of a sentence or phrase are placed immediately after the punctuation, without a space. For example: President Bush called for a halt to the violence,[3] and opposed a timetable for withdrawal.[4]

#### [編輯] What footnotes are normally used for

- Some publications use footnotes for both the full citation of a source, and for additional comments or information of interest to the reader.
- Some publications use Harvard style notation for sources, and use footnotes exclusively for tangential comments or more detailed information. In this case, in other words, footnotes are notes with relevant text that would distract from the main point if embedded in the main text, yet are helpful in explaining a point in greater detail. Such footnotes can be especially helpful for later fact-checkers, to ensure that the article text is well-supported. Thus, using footnotes to provide useful clarifying information outside the main point is fine where this is needed.

#### [編輯] Notes

  footnote examples

1. ↑ Miller, E: "The Sun", page 23. Academic Press, 2005
2. ↑ Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 46(78):46
3. ↑ example footnote abc
4. ↑ example footnote xyz

### [編輯] Full citations

All citation techniques require detailed full citations to be shown in a References section following the text.

Full citations may be formatted by hand or using one of the citation templates.

Full citations typically include: the name of the author, the title of the book or article, and the date of publication. Page numbers are essential whenever possible. The name of the publisher and its city is optional. The ISBN of a book is optional. Journal articles should include volume number, issue number and page numbers. Citations for newspaper articles typically include the title of the article in quotes, the byline (author's name), the name of the newspaper in italics, date of publication, and the date you retrieved it if it is online.

For a book: in the case of two authors, this might be:

- Author, A. (2005a). Harvard Referencing, New York: Random House. ISBN 1-899235-74-4
- Author, A. (2005b). More Harvard Referencing, New York: Random House. ISBN 1-899235-74-4

For an article: in the case of (Traynor 2005) or (The Guardian, December 17, 2005), this might be:

- Traynor, I. "Judge tells Ankara to decide on fate of leading author", The Guardian, December 17, 2005.

It is crucial that complete references be provided for each distinct edition referred to (or cited) in the article, and that each such in-line citation provide enough information to distinguish between editions.

#### [編輯] Templates

Citation templates are available to help format citations for various source formats: books, encyclopedias, journals, theses, papers, websites, comic strips, videos, and editorial comics. Although they help to maintain a consistent citation style across articles, and specify the citation data unambiguously, the use of these templates is not required by Wikipedia:Citing sources, and is neither encouraged nor discouraged by any other Wikipedia citation guideline. Templates may be used at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with the other editors on the article. Some editors find them helpful, while other editors find them annoying, particularly when used inline in the text. Because they are optional, editors should not add templates without consensus.

#### [編輯] Tools

- Template builder — Given an ISBN, a PubMed ID, etc., output a citation which can be pasted into a Wikipedia article.
- Reference generator — generates wikicode for journals, webpages, and other commonly cited sources.
- Landmark Citation Machine helps produce complete citations for a number of formats.
- Wikicite is a free program that helps people to properly reference their Wikipedia contributions. It is written in Visual Basic .NET, making it suitable only for users with the .NET Framework installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the Mono alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available, see the developer's page for further details.
- OttoBib.com a free tool to generate an alphabetized bibliography for books, using an input list of International Standard Book Number (ISBN) numbers, with output in MLA, APA, or Chicago/Turabian format (also generates a permalink).

- See the references and further reading sections of this article for numerous links to formatting details and style guides.

### [編輯] Images

Images must include both source details and a copyright tag on the image description page.

If you downloaded this image from the web, you should give the URL. Example:

  Source: Downloaded from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4280841.stm

If you got the image from an offline source, you should specify. For example:

  Source: Scanned from public record #5253 on file with Anytown, Somestate public surveyor

It is important that you list the author of the image (especially if different from the source), which is important both for copyright and for informational purposes. Some copyright licenses require that the original author receive credit for their work. Examples:

  Author: The British Broadcasting Corporation
  Photographer: User:JS (Jane Smith)
  Author: 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica

## [編輯] Notes

It may be useful to refer to explanatory notes in addition to citations. The citation technique named Footnotes works for both purposes. These notes may be referred to as endnotes, footnotes, or just notes.

Recommended section names to use for non-citation footnotes in Wikipedia:

- ==Notes== or ==Footnotes==
- ==Notes and references== section: Used if there is no separate section with general references, and if all sources of the general content of the article are covered by the footnotes, but see the note about this below.

### [編輯] Maintaining a separate "References" section in addition to "Notes"

It is helpful when non-citation footnotes are used that a "References" section also be maintained, in which the sources that were used are listed in alphabetical order. With articles that have lots of footnotes, it can become hard to see after a while exactly which sources have been used, particularly when the footnotes also contain explanatory text. A References section, which contains only citations, helps readers to see at a glance the quality of the references used.

## [編輯] Further reading/External links

An ==External links== or ==Further reading== or ==Bibliography== section is placed near the end of an article and offers books, articles, and links to websites related to the topic that might be of interest to the reader. The section "Further reading" may include both online material and material not available online. If all recommended material is online, the section may be titled "External links". Some editors may include both headings in articles, listing only material not available online in the "Further reading" section.

All items used to verify information in the article must be listed in the "References" or "Notes" section, and are generally not included in "Further reading" or "External links". However, if an item used as a reference covers the topic beyond the scope of the article, and has significant usefulness beyond verification of the article, you may want to include it here as well. This also makes it easier for users to identify all the major recommended resources on a topic.

## [編輯] What to do when a reference link "goes dead"

Template:See also, WebCite When a link in the References section or Notes section (a link to a source for information in the article) "goes dead", it should be repaired or replaced if possible, but not deleted. External links/Further reading sections are not as important, but bad links in those sections should also be fixed. Often, a live substitute link can be found. In most cases, one of the following approaches will preserve an acceptable citation:

- Some pages can be recovered from the Internet Archive or WebCite. Just go to http://www.archive.org/ or http://www.webcitation.org, respectively, and search for the old link by URL. Make sure that your new citation mentions the date the page was archived by the Internet Archive. In case of WebCite, any broken URL can be searched for and replaced using the format http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=URL&date=DATE, where URL is the URL that is broken and needs to be restored. The DATE variable is optional and indicates the (approximate) caching date. For example, http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Report_July_2003.pdf&date=2005-12-31 retrieves a copy of the URL http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Report_July_2003.pdf which is closest to the date of Dec 31st, 2005 (in this example the actual caching date was 21 days before the requested date). WebCite allows on-demand prospective archiving and is not crawler-based, i.e. pages are only archived if the author has requested archiving when he cited the piece for the first time, which is highly recommended
- If this was a non-blind citation of web-only material, it may be worth the effort to search the target site for an equivalent page at a new location, an indication that the whole site has moved, etc.
- If the link was merely a "convenience link" to an online copy of material that originally appeared in print, and an appropriate substitute cannot be found, it is acceptable to drop the link but keep the citation.
- If you cannot find the page on the Internet Archive, remember that you can often find recently deleted pages in Google's cache. They won't be there long, and it is no use linking to them, but this may let you find the content, which can be useful in finding an equivalent page elsewhere on the Internet and linking to that.

If none of those strategies succeed, do not remove the inactive reference, but rather record the date that the original link was found to be inactive — even inactive, it still records the sources that were used, and it is possible hard copies of such references may exist, or alternatively that the page will turn up in the near future in the Internet Archive, which deliberately lags by six months or more. When printed sources become outdated, scholars still routinely cite those works when referenced.

## [編輯] Tagging unsourced material

If an article needs references but you are unable to find them yourself, you can tag the article with the templates {{Unreferenced}}, {{Not verified}}, or {{Primarysources}}. It's often useful to indicate specific statements that need references by placing {{fact}} ("citation needed") after the sentence, but be careful not to overuse these tags. Don't be inappropriately cautious about removing unsourced material.

To summarize the use of in line tags for unsourced or poorly sourced material:

1. If it is doubtful but not harmful to the whole article, use the {{fact}} tag to ask for source verification, but remember to go back and remove the claim if no source is produced within a reasonable time.
2. If it is doubtful and harmful, you should remove it from the article; you may want to move it to the talk page and ask for a source, unless you regard it is as very harmful or absurd, in which case it shouldn't be posted to a talk page either. Use your common sense.

All unsourced and poorly sourced contentious material about living persons should be removed from articles and talk pages immediately. It should not be tagged. See Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons and Wikipedia:Libel.

## [編輯] Gaming the cite system

Gaming the cite system, that is, demanding blatantly excessive citations or accepting citations only from an unreasonably narrow source, for the apparent purpose of making a point or gaming the system is not an appropriate use of this policy.

## [編輯] See also

- The <ref> element
- Wikipedia:Citation templates
- Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles
- Wikipedia:Copyright problems – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately
- Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style – listing several examples of APA and Harvard referencing techniques
- Tools:
  - Cyde Weys' References Converter
  - User:CitationTool

## [編輯] References

- Concordia Libraries (Concordia University). Citation and Style Guides. Retrieved December 28, 2004. (This provides a list of common citation styles.)
- Citation Styles Handbook: APA
- Citation Styles Handbook: MLA
- APA Style.org
- Using American Psychological Association (APA) Format (Updated to 5th Edition)
- Citing Electronic Documentation (APA, Chicago, MLA)
- The Columbia Guide to Online Style
- Ritter, R. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860564-1
- University of Chicago Press Staff. (2003). The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10403-6

## [編輯] Further reading

- Psychology with Style: A Hypertext Writing Guide
- A Guide for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation
- AMA Citation Style
- Chicago/Turabian Documentation
- Citation Guide - Turabian PDF
- General Guidelines for Citing Government Publications
- Guide to Citation Style Guides
- Sociology style (ASR)
- Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
- American Chemical Society reference style guidelines

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